These movie sequences have been reconstructed from high-speed cinematography (200,000 frames per second) of the aerodynamic breakup of drops of different liquids (Newtonian and non-Newtonian) suddenly exposed to a high speed air flow in a shock tube. Initial drop diameter is approximately 2.5 mm unless noted.
To view these movies you need the appropriate software, which can be downloaded free of charge (subject to the owner's license restrictions) from the appropriate web address below.
Quicktime for MacIntosh http://quicktime.apple.com/sw
Quicktime for Windows http://quicktime.apple.com/sw
Xanim (most Unix platforms) http://xanim.va.pubnix.com
SGI Movieplayer (Irix 6.2 or greater) http://www.sgi.com
(Note: SGI's movieplayer comes bundled with the IRIX versions 6.2 or greater)
Mpeg_play http://www.geom.umn.edu/software/download/mpeg_play.html
(SGI, Sun, HP, Dec Alpha)
Instructions on how to download the software are given on the Web pages.
With Quicktime for MacIntosh and Quicktime for Windows, the movies can be viewed frame by frame by repeated clicking of the mouse on the single step button. This will show the drop configuration every 5 microseconds.
SGI Movieplayer (IRIX 6.2 or greater) will run the frames continuously as a movie. To do this, click on the PLAY EVERY FRAME option in the pull down menu under VIEW.
Water at
Ms=2.0 Water at
Ms=3.0 Glycerine at
Ms=2.0,
drop diameter 2.3 mm Glycerine at
Ms=3.0,
drop diameter 2.4 mm 2% Polyox in Water at
Ms=2.0,
drop diameter 2.9 mm 2% Polyox in Water at
Ms=3.0,
drop diameter 2.9 mm 2% Polyacrylamide in
Water at Ms=3.0, drop diameter 3.2 mm 2.6% PSBA in TBP at
Ms=2.0,
drop diameter 2.2 mm 2.6% PSBA in TBP at
Ms=3.0,
drop diameter 2.2 mm Silicone Oil at
viscosities ranging from 1 poise to 100 poise
Water at Mach 2.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively 53 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident
shock (Ms=2.0) is 1.58x105N/m2
Quicktime Format |
Mpeg Format |
Water at Mach 3.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively 45 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
6.06x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
Glycerine at Mach 2.0
Drop Diameter 2.3 mm
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively 50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident
shock (Ms=2.0) is 1.46x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
Glycerine at Mach 3.0
Drop Diameter 2.4 mm
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively 42 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
5.54x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
2% Polyox in Water
at Mach 2.0
Drop Diameter 2.9 mm
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively 55.5 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure U2/2 of the flow behind the incident
shock (Ms=2.0) is 1.66x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
2% Polyox in Water
at Mach 3.0
Drop Diameter 2.9 mm
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively 45 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure U2/2 of the flow behind the incident
shock (Ms=3.0) is 5.87x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
2% Polyacrylamide in Water
at Mach 3.0
Drop Diameter 3.2 mm
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively 42 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure U2/2 of the flow behind the incident
shock (Ms=3.0) is 5.78x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
2.6% Polystyrene Butylacrylate in
Tributyl Phosphate
at Mach 2.0
Drop Diameter 2.2 mm
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively 50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident
shock (Ms=2.0) is 1.52x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
2.6% Polystyrene Butylacrylate in
Tributyl Phosphate
at Mach 3.0
Drop Diameter 2.2 mm
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively 42 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure U2/2 of the flow behind the incident
shock (Ms=3.0) is 5.13x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
Silicone Oil
This set of movie sequences shows the effect of viscosity on the breakup process. The use of silicone oil allowed us to change viscosity without changing other fluid properties.
For the silicone oils with a viscosity of 60 poise or greater, breakup did not occur in the camera's field of view. To determine what happened to the drop further downstream, the camera was moved 1.25 inches, 2.5 inches and 4.0 inches downstream from the original camera position.
1 poise at Ms=2.0 1 poise at
Ms=3.0 10 poise at
Ms=2.0 10 poise at
Ms =3.0 30 poise at
Ms=2.0 30 poise at
Ms=3.0 40 poise at
Ms =2.0 40 poise at
Ms =3.0,
drop diameter 2.1 mm 40 poise at
Ms =3.0 50 poise at
Ms =3.0 60 poise at
Ms =2.0 60 poise at
Ms=3.0 60 poise at
Ms=3.0,
1.25 in. downstream 100 poise at
Ms=2.0,
2.5 in. downstream 100 poise at
Ms=3.0 100 poise at
Ms=3.0,
1.25 in. downstream 100 poise at
Ms=3.0,
2.5 in. downstream 100 poise at
Ms=4.0,
2.5 in. downstream 100 poise at
Ms=4.0,
4.0 in. downstream
Mach 2 Cases
1 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 2
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively 58 kPa and 295K.
The dynamic pressure U2 /2 of the flow behind the incident shock
(Ms=2.0)
is 1.77x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
10 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 2.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
58 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=2.0) is
1.81x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
30 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 2.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
58 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=2.0) is
1.77x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
40 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 2.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
58 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=2.0) is
1.77x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
60 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 2.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
58 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=2.0) is
2.22x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
100 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 2.0
Camera Position 2.5 Inches Downstream
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
58 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=2.0) is
1.81x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
1 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the
flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0)
is 6.60x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
10 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50k Pa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
6.81x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
30 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
6.52x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
40 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
6.52x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
40 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Drop Diameter 2.1 mm
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
6.67x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
50 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
6.60x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
60 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident
shock (Ms=3.0) is 6.52x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
60 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Camera Position 1.25 Inches Downstream
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
6.67x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
100 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U 2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
6.67x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
100 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Camera Position 1.25 Inches Downstream
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
6.38x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
100 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 3.0
Camera Position 2.5 Inches Downstream
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
50 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=3.0) is
6.52x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
Mach 4 Cases
100 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 4
Camera Position 2.5 Inches Downstream
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
12 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the
flow behind the incident shock (Ms=4.0)
is 3.80x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|
100 Poise Silicone Oil
at Mach 4.0
Camera Position 4.0 Inches Downstream
Shock tube test conditions:
The initial pressure and temperature in the shock tube are
respectively
12 kPa and 295K. The dynamic pressure
U2/2 of the flow behind the incident shock (Ms=4.0) is
3.75x105N/m2
Quicktime Format
|
Mpeg Format
|